Cultural Variation in Parenting

Cultural Variation in Parenting Assignment

There is controversy in contemporary research regarding whether or not parenting styles (i.e., the set of practices parents employ to socialize their children) vary as a function of culture.  That is, are there different types of parenting practices, dimensions, and styles/patterns in different cultures? A second controversial question involves whether the same practice (e.g., physical punishment) or parenting style (e.g., authoritarian) employed in different cultures is related to the same developmental outcomes (e.g., does physical punishment reduce or increase misbehavior in different cultures; is authoritarian parenting related to academic achievement or failure in different cultures). The answers to these questions have significant implications for parent education efforts as well as the practice of health professionals, teachers, and service professionals who work with children and families. This assignment provides you the opportunity to explore the scientific theory and research on cultural variations in parenting and developmental outcomes and to interview a peer who has lived his or her childhood and adolescence in a different culture. One goal of this assignment is for you to take into account, not just the purported differences between cultures in the “prevalence” of certain parenting practices and styles (e.g., authoritarian parenting said to be prevalent in Eastern cultures and authoritative parenting in Western cultures), but also the often overlooked but important variability that exists in parenting practices and styles within cultures. The other goal of this assignment is for you to take into account the similarities that exist between cultures in the developmental outcomes that are associated with different types of parenting practices and styles.      

This assignment has 2 parts:

Interview Response Submission

• You will interview someone who is an ethnic minority, using the interview protocol for this assignment (please see Appendix B). You will obtain a retrospective account of your interviewee’s experiences with his or her mother and father during the adolescent years (13 to 18 or prior to college attendance). The interviewee may decline to answer any question. During the interview, you are required to take specific notesof the answers the interviewee provides. Do not summarize interviewee’sresponses in your own words. Use your partner’s words. The words the interviewee uses to describe parenting practices he or she has experienced will be essential for completing the assignment correctly.
• You will submit Verbatim interview responses. 

Interview Report

• The parenting practices the interviewee reported must be compared to a pre-determined list of parenting practices and dimensions (please see Appendix C) to deduce an underlying parenting style or pattern of parenting.
• You will also ask the interviewee to complete a demographic questionnaire (please see Appendix A). In research studies, the demographic questionnaire is usually completed after the interview has been conducted.
• Once the interview is completed, you will meet with the entire group to answer questions 1 through 4 below. After the group meeting, each of you will individually write a report based on group discussion of questions 1 through 4.  Be sure to discuss each of the 4 questions and to address the sub-questions within each question.

Conducting Interviews:

Please be kind when you conduct the interviews. Do not prejudge the interviewee. Your goal is to understand children’s experiences with their parents not to evaluate their life experiences. Allow and encourage the interviewee to express his or her voice. Listen attentively and with interest,which means open your mind so that you are able to apprehend what is being said from the speaker’s point of view. Be responsive to the interviewee and create an atmosphere where he or she feels welcomed, valued, and free of inhibition.

Instructions for the Interview Report

Answer questions 1 to 4. The Interview Report is based on your answers to questions 1 through 4.

1. Categorize the specific practicesfrom the interview into the conceptual parenting dimensions (see Appendix C) for each of the 4 interview questions for mother and father. Appendix C contains the table of specific practices that have been conceptually categorized into 5 dimensions: non-demanding, rational-demanding, coercive demanding, punishment, and responsive. Categorize the parenting practices of mothers and fathers separately.
2. Did you find “new” parenting practices that were not in Appendix C? If so, can these new practices be categorized in the existing 5 parenting dimensions? If the new practices cannot be categorized into any of the 5 parenting dimensions, how would you characterize this new practice? Is another parenting dimension needed for this new practice? Explain by referring to evidence from the readings, lecture, or by offering a logical argument (please avoid opinion).
3. Now that you have categorized the parenting practices into dimensions, what parenting style would you say the mother and father have? Make sure to refer to the readings and the lectures to support your parenting style categorization. Describe and explain the discrepancies you may have found with the practices that do not fit into the pre-existing dimensions.How would you characterize the parenting style of parents with practices and dimensions that do not fit into the pre-existing categories?
4. Based on the interview, speculate and discuss how 4 of the parenting practices (2 for mother and 2 for father) employed to the regulate theissues would affect the outcome the parent would achieve in enforcing a particular rule {e.g., would yelling, shaming, or ignoring deter or increase the behavior parents are trying to regulate?}. Explain why you think positive, negative, or no outcome could result. Could some practices yield both positive andnegative results? Would the same practice have different outcomes if the mother versus the father were employing it? What other alternative parenting practice, parent behavior (e.g., modeling), adolescent variable (e.g., temperament), family variable (number of siblings, parental level of education), parent-child relationship variable (e.g., level of conflict and cohesion), and cultural value could contribute to a positive outcome with respect to enforcement of the issues? Analyze a total of 4practices, 2 practices for the mother and 2 for the father.

Appendix A

DEMOGRAPHICS QUESTIONNAIRE

For each question, please circle or write the answers that best apply to you.

1. Age: __24__
2. Gender: Female
3. National Origin (where you were born): _Philippines___
4. Ethnicity: (group you identify with)_Filipino_
5. Year in University:  Senior
6. What is you major? _Child & Adolescence Development
7. What is your religion? _Catholic__

Answer the questions below regarding your family context prior to attending college. 

8. What was your family structure: Biological mother and Father are: married, divorced, separated, remarried, never married, father deceased, mother deceased, other : father deceased
9. Who did you live with: (a) both biological parents; (b) Single mother; (c) Single father; (d) Biological mother and step-father; (e) Biological father and Step-mother; (f) Both adoptive parents; (g) Single adoptive mother; (h) Single adoptive father; (i) other: single mother
10. How many siblings (brothers and sister) do you have? 1 sibling
11. What is your birth order (e.g., first child, second child)? First
12. Which of the following best described your mother’semployment status?
13. Employed, working 1-39 hours per week

(•) b. Employed, working 40 or more hours per week

1. Not employed, looking for work
2. Not employed, NOT looking for work
3. Retired
4. Disabled, not able to work
5. Which of the following best described your father’semployment status?
6. Employed, working 1-39 hours per week
7. Employed, working 40 or more hours per week
8. Not employed, looking for work
9. Not employed, NOT looking for work
10. Retired

(•) f. Disabled, not able to work

14. What was your approximate family income:
15. Less than $20,000
16. $20,000 to $34,000
17. $35,000 to 49,000

(•) d. $50,000 to $74,000

1. $75,000 to $99,000
2. $100,000 to $149,000
3. $150,000 to $ 199,000
4. $200,000 or more

 

15. What was your mother’s highest level of education?
16. No formal education
17. Some formal education but no high school diploma
18. High School diploma

(•) d. Associates degree or trade school

1. Bachelor’s Degree
2. Graduate Degree (Master’s, Ph.D., M.D., J.D.)
3. What was your Father’s highest level of education?
4. No formal education
5. Some formal education but no high school diploma
6. High School diploma
7. Associates degree or trade school

(•) e. Bachelor’s Degree

1. Master’s degree
2. Doctoral/ Professional (Ph.D., M.D., J.D.)

 

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