What is Thermal energy?

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What is the missing text in the following statement?
‘A system operating…cannot convert all the heat absorbed from a reservoir into the same amount of work.’

a) in an open cycle

b) in a closed cycle

c) between two reservoirs at different temperatures

d) on a real fluid

e) in isolation

Question 3

Which of the following statements are true?
Please select all that apply.

a) A good absorber of solar radiation when heated to 500 K of thermal radiation is a good emitter.

b) Isotherms can move in unsteady heat conduction but not in steady heat conduction.

c) The Nusselt number has no physical dimensions

d) The Carnot efficiency tends to infinity as the temperature of the lower reservoir tends to absolute zero.

e) The first law of thermodynamics only applies to mechanical work.

f) The Prandtl number depends on the properties of the material.

g) Radiation is the only form of heat transfer in a vacuum.

Question 4

The heat required to change the phase of unit mass of material is called the ______ ____.

Question 5

The basic forms of heat transfer are conduction, and radiation.

Question 6

Which of the following statements are true?
Please select all that apply.

a) Isothermal systems operate at constant temperature.

b) Adiabatic systems are always in equilibrium with their surroundings.

c) The combustion of carbon is an endothermic reaction.

d) The main contribution to the heat of combustion comes about from the relatively weak double bond in oxygen.

e) Entropy is unchanged in an irreversible process.

f) The magnitude of the change in Gibbs free energy in a chemical reaction equals the maximum amount of work that can be obtained from the reaction.

g) In an electrical resistance heater, the input exergy equals the electrical energy dissipated in the heater.

Question 7

The handle of an iron rod 50 cm long placed in a hot fire gets uncomfortably hot after 1 minute. What length of iron rod could be comfortably held by its handle for 5 minutes after the end of the rod was placed in the fire?

a) 2.5 m

b) 1.25 m

c) 1.12 m

Question 8

The increase in solar energy received by the Earth if the temperature of the outer surface of the Sun, 5800 K, increased by 2% would be approximately:

a) 0.5%

b) 2 %

c) 6%

d) 8%

Question 9

A planet with no atmosphere, which has a radius a third that of Earth, is orbiting a star identical in emission to our Sun at a radius half that of the Earth’s. If the albedo of the planet is 0.825, what temperature is its surface?

a) 510 K

b) 255 K

c) 85 K

d) 765 K

Question 10

Estimate the work done by a compressor in raising the pressure of 100 kg of water from 1 to 200 atmospheres.

a) 2 MJ

b) 200 kJ

c) 2 kJ

Question 11

The height of the potential barrier that two interacting molecules have to overcome is called the __________ _______.

Question 12

A catalyst speeds up a reaction by:

a) increasing the energy released in the reaction

b) by providing a route with a lower activation energy

c) being consumed in the reaction

Question 13

Which of the following statements are true about the steady flow of a fluid in a stream-tube?
Please select all that apply.

a) Mass flow is conserved.

b) The speed increases if the cross-sectional area increases.

c) The density must be constant.

d) Bernoulli’s equation applies.

e) The pressure must be constant.

Question 14

For steady flow of a perfect fluid through a constriction in a horizontal tube, which of the following statements are true?
Please select all that apply.

a) The mass flow rate is the same inside and outside the constriction.

b) The pressure is higher inside the constriction.

c) The fluid slows down as it passes through the constriction.

d) The total energy of the fluid is the same inside and outside the constriction.

Question 15

A fluid of density ρ and coefficient of dynamic viscosity μ moves with velocity U in between two parallel surfaces separated by a gap d. The viscous shear force per unit area on each surface is given by:

Question 16

The fundamental units of kinematic viscosity are given by:

Question 17

The typical order of magnitude of the Reynolds’ No. for a fluid to switch from laminar flow to turbulent flow is:

a) 1

b) 10³

c) 10²

d) 10⁶

e) 10^-3

Question 18

The flow of water over a small model wing and the flow of air over a full scale wing have the same Reynolds’ No. Is it true that the flow regime is the same in both cases?

a) Yes

b) No

Question 19

The lift force on an aerofoil with a lift coefficient C_L in a fluid with density ρ moving with velocity U is given by:

Question 20

Euler’s equation provides a formula for the power output from a turbine. Does the fact that the derivation takes no account of the details of the flow inside the turbine (where the blades do work on the fluid) invalidate the formula?

a) Yes

b) No

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